Page Object Model (POM) is a design pattern in Selenium that creates a framework for maintaining and organizing automation scripts.
Core concept:
- ✓For each page of the application, a separate Java class is created
- ✓The class contains all web elements (locators) belonging to that page
- ✓The class contains all methods (actions) that can be performed on that page
- ✓Test scripts are maintained in separate files and call these page object methods
Why use POM:
- ✓Separates test logic from page interaction logic
- ✓Locator changes require editing only one class — not every test
- ✓Methods are reusable across multiple test classes
- ✓Makes tests readable like plain English
Example structure:
CODE
src/
├── pages/
│ ├── LoginPage.java ← Web elements + methods for Login page
│ ├── DashboardPage.java ← Web elements + methods for Dashboard
│ └── SearchPage.java
└── tests/
├── LoginTest.java ← Calls LoginPage methods
└── SearchTest.java
LoginPage.java:
Java
public class LoginPage {
private By username = By.id("username");
private By password = By.id("password");
private By loginBtn = By.id("loginBtn");
public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) { this.driver = driver; }
public DashboardPage login(String user, String pass) {
driver.findElement(username).sendKeys(user);
driver.findElement(password).sendKeys(pass);
driver.findElement(loginBtn).click();
return new DashboardPage(driver);
}
}